{"id":397318,"date":"2021-08-06T07:20:20","date_gmt":"2021-08-06T07:20:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/?p=397318"},"modified":"2021-08-06T10:20:20","modified_gmt":"2021-08-06T07:20:20","slug":"1391-los-cristales-rotos-de-espana","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/es\/1391-los-cristales-rotos-de-espana\/","title":{"rendered":"1391: los \u201ccristales rotos\u201d de Espa\u00f1a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"lead\"><strong><em>Durante el verano espa\u00f1ol de hace 630 a\u00f1os se desataron en los reinos de Espa\u00f1a una ola de revueltas antijud\u00edas de una intensidad y alcance nunca vistos antes en la pen\u00ednsula, un avance de algo menos de un siglo de la que ser\u00eda su expulsi\u00f3n definitiva.<\/em> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Por: Jorge Rozemblum, Director de Radio Sefarad<\/p>\n<p>En hebreo dichos pogromos de 1391 se conocen como \u201c<em>gzerot kan\u00e1<\/em>\u201d (decretos del 5151, seg\u00fan el calendario hebreo. Parad\u00f3jicamente, las mismas letras de la fecha conforman la palabra \u201c<em>kin\u00e1<\/em>\u201d, envidia). Tal como suceder\u00eda en el pogromo del 8 y 9 de noviembre de 1938 en Alemania y la recientemente anexionada Austria, popularmente conocido como <em>Kristallnacht<\/em> (la Noche de los Cristales Rotos), la violencia desatada ser\u00eda s\u00f3lo un anticipo del tr\u00e1gico futuro que esperaba a los jud\u00edos.<\/p>\n<p>Aquel verano supuso el fin de la mayor\u00eda de las juder\u00edas, que en lugar de ofrecer protecci\u00f3n se convirtieron en ratoneras en las que acorralar y atosigar a quienes llevaban siglos en el pa\u00eds. Ante la presi\u00f3n de las masas, enardecidas desde 1378 por el arcediano de la ciudad sevillana de \u00c9cija, Ferr\u00e1n Mart\u00ednez, muchos jud\u00edos optaron por la conversi\u00f3n para sobrevivir. Desafortunadamente no era la primera vez que se ve\u00edan obligados a ello, tanto bajo el mando de reyes godos y visigodos cristianos, como de algunas facciones radicales del Islam durante su dominio. Pero pasados algunos a\u00f1os o generaciones, las aguas se calmaban y los forzados pod\u00edan retomar su fe original. Esta vez no ser\u00eda as\u00ed: no hubo retorno posible destruidos los barrios compartidos y sus instituciones, y especialmente ante la p\u00e9rfida vigilancia de la Inquisici\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>Los que abjuraron no tardaron en descubrir que, finalmente, la conversi\u00f3n no los absolv\u00eda del \u201cpecado\u201d de cuna, especialmente cuando se empiezan a dictar edictos por los que hab\u00eda que acreditar la \u201climpieza de sangre\u201d (ser cristiano \u201cviejo\u201d) para optar a todos los derechos. En el camino entre 1391 y el definitivo 1492 tambi\u00e9n tuvieron lugar disputas teol\u00f3gicas ama\u00f1adas para dotar a la violaci\u00f3n de la fe de una incompatible p\u00e1tina de l\u00f3gica y justicia. La tragedia, no obstante, se ven\u00eda oliendo desde antes, por ejemplo, desde la epidemia de peste negra que caus\u00f3 la muerte de m\u00e1s de un tercio de la poblaci\u00f3n europea a mediados del siglo XIV, y a ra\u00edz de la cual se acus\u00f3 a los jud\u00edos de envenenar los pozos. Tampoco ayud\u00f3 a calmar los \u00e1nimos populares el desgobierno que sufr\u00eda la corona de Castilla por enfrentamientos civiles y sucesorios.<\/p>\n<p>El clima de destrucci\u00f3n se propag\u00f3 como el fuego entre la hojarasca, encendiendo la violencia en todas las ciudades: los que se resist\u00edan a la conversi\u00f3n y no mor\u00edan en el intento eran vendidos como esclavos a los \u00e1rabes. Comunidades enteras y antes pujantes, como las de Barcelona y Toledo, desaparecieron. Los \u00fanicos que lograron salvarse fueron los jud\u00edos de Zaragoza, protegidos por el rey Juan I de Arag\u00f3n, quien logr\u00f3 detener los disturbios en su capital, aunque sin llegar a castigar a sus autores. Y sin incorporar esta tragedia a la memoria hist\u00f3rica, 630 a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>Shabat shalom<\/p>\n<non-auwi><ad-shortcode><div style=\"margin-top:20px;display:block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/donate.unitedwithisrael.org\/donate\/G1S\/?a=uwi_es_art_bnr_atk\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"no-border\" style=\"padding:0;\" src=\"https:\/\/unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/ad_890x100_es.jpg\" alt=\"Donate to Israel\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/ad-shortcode><\/non-auwi>\n<shortcode  style=\"display:block\" ><div class=\"cta-boxed\"><h2>Do You Love Israel? Make a Donation - Show Your Support!<\/h2><div class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"width: 260px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/donate.kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/donate\/g4?a=asc\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/shutterstock_1528562331.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"260\"><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><\/p><\/div><p><a href=\"https:\/\/donate.kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/donate\/g4?a=asc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Donate to vital charities<\/strong><\/a> that help protect Israeli citizens and inspire millions around the world to support Israel too! <\/p><p> Now more than ever, Israel needs your help to fight and win the war -- including on the battlefield of public opinion. <\/p><p> Antisemitism, anti-Israel bias and boycotts are out of control. Israel's enemies are inciting terror and violence against innocent Israelis and Jews around the world. <a href=\"https:\/\/donate.kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/donate\/g4?a=asc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Help us fight back!<\/strong><\/a>  <\/p> <p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/donate.kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/donate\/g4?a=asc\" target=\"_blank\">STAND WTH ISRAEL - MAKE A DONATION TODAY!<\/a><\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/shortcode><non-auwi><ad-shortcode><div style=\"margin-top:20px;display:block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/donate.unitedwithisrael.org\/donate\/G1S\/?a=uwi_es_art_bnr_atk\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"no-border\" style=\"padding:0;\" src=\"https:\/\/unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/ad_890x100_es.jpg\" alt=\"Donate to Israel\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/ad-shortcode><\/non-auwi>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Durante el verano espa\u00f1ol de hace 630 a\u00f1os se desataron en los reinos de Espa\u00f1a una ola de revueltas antijud\u00edas de una intensidad y alcance nunca vistos antes en la pen\u00ednsula, un avance de algo menos de un siglo de la que ser\u00eda su expulsi\u00f3n definitiva.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":47,"featured_media":369171,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[209],"tags":[41927,37519,27180,9371,41928],"class_list":["post-397318","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mundo","tag-cristales-rotos","tag-director-de-radio-sefarad","tag-jorge-rozemblum","tag-kristallnacht-es","tag-reinos-de-espana"],"better_featured_image":{"id":369171,"alt_text":"","caption":"Un hombre mira los restos de una tienda jud\u00eda en Berl\u00edn el 10 de noviembre de 1938, despu\u00e9s de la Kristallnacht. (AP)","description":"","media_type":"image","media_details":{"width":1024,"height":628,"file":"2020\/11\/AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1.jpg","sizes":{"medium":{"file":"AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-300x184.jpg","width":300,"height":184,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-300x184.jpg"},"thumbnail":{"file":"AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-150x150.jpg"},"medium_large":{"file":"AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-768x471.jpg","width":768,"height":471,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-768x471.jpg"},"uwi-full-width":{"file":"AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-780x478.jpg","width":780,"height":478,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-780x478.jpg"},"uwi-featured-carousel":{"file":"AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-890x400.jpg","width":890,"height":400,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-890x400.jpg"},"uwi-featured-content":{"file":"AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-290x160.jpg","width":290,"height":160,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-290x160.jpg"},"uwi-content-loop":{"file":"AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-190x190.jpg","width":190,"height":190,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-190x190.jpg"},"uwi-category_list":{"file":"AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-180x100.jpg","width":180,"height":100,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-180x100.jpg"},"uwi-tiny":{"file":"AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-40x40.jpg","width":40,"height":40,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-40x40.jpg"},"uwi-email-featured":{"file":"AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-250x170.jpg","width":250,"height":170,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-250x170.jpg"},"uwi-email":{"file":"AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-200x140.jpg","width":200,"height":140,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-200x140.jpg"},"uwi-iphone":{"file":"AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-960x628.jpg","width":960,"height":628,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-960x628.jpg"},"uwi-full-width-video":{"file":"AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-779x478.jpg","width":779,"height":478,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-779x478.jpg"},"uwi-fb-share-video":{"file":"AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-600x315.jpg","width":600,"height":315,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-600x315.jpg"},"uwi-fb-share":{"file":"AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-600x320.jpg","width":600,"height":320,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-600x320.jpg"},"uwi-featured-content-video":{"file":"AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-289x159.jpg","width":289,"height":159,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-289x159.jpg"},"uwi-content-loop-video":{"file":"AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-189x189.jpg","width":189,"height":189,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-189x189.jpg"},"uwi-category_list-video":{"file":"AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-179x99.jpg","width":179,"height":99,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-179x99.jpg"},"uwi-tiny-video":{"file":"AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-39x39.jpg","width":39,"height":39,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/kinsta.unitedwithisrael.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-39x39.jpg"},"uwi-email-featured-video":{"file":"AP_17129778323536-1024x628-1-249x169.jpg","width":249,"height":169,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/kinsta.unit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man looks at the wreckage of a Jewish shop in Berlin on Nov. 10, 1938, in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, an organized nationwide attack carried out by Nazi paramilitary forces and German civilians over two days. The rampage, during which the perpetrators set fire to hundreds of synagogues, looted thousands of Jewish businesses and attacked Jews throughout Germany, is often considered the beginning of the Holocaust. 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